1st Ramadan 2024/1445هـ will be on Monday, 11 March 2024 and and Eid ul-Fitr 2024/1445هـ will be on Wednesday, 10 April 2024, in sha Allah

The Scottish Hilal Forum (SHF) has announced Ramadan and Eid ul-Fitr dates for 2024 under the supervision of Ulama in line with agreed Islamic criteria and including data from Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (British Observatory).

Based on the agreed criteria:

The first day of Ramadan 2024/1445هـ will be on Monday, 11 March 2024

and

Eid ul-Fitr 2024/1445هـ will be on Wednesday, 10 April 2024, in sha Allah.

The Muslim community in Scotland has faced confusion for many years regarding the starting of Ramadan and Eid. This has resulted in severe difficulties for students, employees and the self-employed who could not take time off from work or from educational institutions due to the wait for last minute confirmation of Eid day.

SHF, by Ulama agreeing on Islamic and Scientific criteria, has been able to announce the required dates ahead of time, allowing the community to plan ahead while keeping united.

Scottish Hilal Forum agreed that the Shara’i new month is ascertained if the following conditions are satisfied:

  1. The conjunction must have occurred in the UK (birth of new moon).
  2. The moonset must occur after sunset in the UK.
  3. The visibility of moon must fall either in Category A or B or C for either Makkah, or any city in the UK or any city in Australia, Asia, Europe or Americas.
  4. The city that is chosen in the regions/ counties mentioned above in the point 3 for the start of Hijri month must be same for the end of Hijri month.

Ramadan 2024/1445هـ

We can safely determine Monday, 11 March 2024 as the first day of Ramadan 2024/1445هـ.

According to Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (HMNAO), the visibility falls in the category ‘C’ for some countries on 10th of March 2024:

Saturday, 9 Mar 2024  Sunday, 10 Mar 2024 
CityVisibilityLag time (minutes) VisibilityLag time (minutes)
Makkah   F13
Rabat   F21
Cape Town – S Africa   F15
Dakar – Senegal   F23
New York   F36
San Diego, California   C43
Santiago, Chile   F24
London   F19
Glasgow   F20

Eid ul-Fitr 2024/1445هـ

Similarly, we can safely determine Wednesday, 10 April 2024 as the 1st of Shawwal 1445هـ. 

According to Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (HMNAO), the visibility falls in category ‘A’ on 9th April 2024 for most of the cities/ countries listed below:

Monday, 8 April 2024  Tuesday, 9 April 2024 
CityVisibilityLag time (minutes) VisibilityLag time (minutes)
Makkah   A52
RabatF-3 A69
Cape Town – S Africa   F25
Dakar – SenegalF-2 A58
New YorkF12 A90
San Diego, CaliforniaF19 A90
Santiago, ChileF-1 B34
LondonF-4 A86
GlasgowF-3 A95

It should be noted that the moon will be born on 8th April 2024 but according to the British Observatory, it will be in Category ‘F’ for the cities/ countries listed above, which means it will not be visible even with the help of a telescope

Eid ul-Adha will be on Wednesday, 28th June 2023/هـ1444 insha Allah.

The Scottish Hilal Forum (SHF) has announced Ramadan and Eid dates for 2023 under the supervision of Ulama in line with agreed Islamic criteria and including data from Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (British Observatory).

Based on the agreed criteria:

Eid ul-Adha 2023/1444هـ will be on Wednesday, 28 June 2023, in sha Allah.

The Muslim community in Scotland has faced confusion for many years regarding the starting of Ramadan and Eids. This has resulted in severe difficulties for students, employees and the self-employed who could not take time off from work or from educational institutions due to the wait for last minute confirmation of Eid day.

SHF, by Ulama agreeing on Islamic and Scientific criteria, has been able to announce the required dates ahead of time, allowing the community to plan ahead while keeping united.

Scottish Hilal Forum agreed that the Shara’i new month is ascertained if the following conditions are satisfied:

  1. The conjunction must have occurred in the UK (birth of new moon).
  2. The moonset must occur after sunset in the UK.
  3. The visibility of moon must fall either in Category A or B or C for either Makkah, or any city in the UK or any city in Australia, Asia, Europe or Americas.
  4. The city that is chosen in the regions/ counties mentioned above in the point 3 for the start of Hijri month must be same for the end of Hijri month.

We can safely determine Wednesday,  28th of June 2023 as the 10th of Dhul-Hijjah ذو الحجة‎ 1444 هـ. According to Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (HMNAO), the visibility falls in the following categories on 18th of June 2023:

Moon Visibility on Sunday 18th June 2023

 Sunday, 18 June 2023 
City VisibilityLag time (minutes)
Makkah F29
Rabat D44
Dakar – Senegal E35
New York C59
Washington DC C58
San Diego, California  B59
London F62
Glasgow F74

First Dhul Hijja will be on Monday, 19th June 2023 and Eid al Adha will be on Wednesday, 28th June 2023, insha Allah.

1st Ramadan 2023/1444هـ will be on Thursday, 23 March 2023 and and Eid ul-Fitr 2023/1444هـ will be on Friday, 21 April 2023, in sha Allah

The Scottish Hilal Forum (SHF) has announced Ramadan and Eid ul-Fitr dates for 2023 under the supervision of Ulama in line with agreed Islamic criteria and including data from Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (British Observatory).

Based on the agreed criteria:

The first day of Ramadan 2023/1444هـ will be on Thursday, 23 March 2023

and

Eid ul-Fitr 2023/1444هـ will be on Friday, 21 April 2023, in sha Allah.

The Muslim community in Scotland has faced confusion for many years regarding the starting of Ramadan and Eid. This has resulted in severe difficulties for students, employees and the self-employed who could not take time off from work or from educational institutions due to the wait for last minute confirmation of Eid day.

SHF, by Ulama agreeing on Islamic and Scientific criteria, has been able to announce the required dates ahead of time, allowing the community to plan ahead while keeping united.

Scottish Hilal Forum agreed that the Shara’i new month is ascertained if the following conditions are satisfied:

  1. The conjunction must have occurred in the UK (birth of new moon).
  2. The moonset must occur after sunset in the UK.
  3. The visibility of moon must fall either in Category A or B or C for either Makkah, or any city in the UK or any city in Australia, Asia, Europe or Americas.
  4. The city that is chosen in the regions/ counties mentioned above in the point 3 for the start of Hijri month must be same for the end of Hijri month.

Ramadan 2023/1444هـ

We can safely determine Thursday, 23 March 2023 as the first day of Ramadan 2023/1444هـ.

According to Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (HMNAO), the visibility falls in the category ‘A’ for many countries on 22nd of March 2023:

Tuesday, 21 March 2023  Wednesday, 22 March 2023 
CityVisibilityLag time (minutes) VisibilityLag time (minutes)
Makkah A51
RabatF-4 A64
Cape Town – South Africa C37
Dakar – SenegalF2 A58
Accra – GhanaF1 A53
Washington
DC
F9 A80
LondonF-13 A71
GlasgowF-15 A76

It should be noted that the moon will be born on 21st March 2023 but according to the British Observatory, it will be in Category ‘F’ for the cities/ countries listed above, which means it will be below the Danjon limit, not visible even with the help of a telescope.

Eid ul-Fitr 2023/1444هـ

Similarly, we can safely determine Friday, 21 April 2023 as the 1st of Shawwal 1444هـ. 

According to Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (HMNAO), the visibility falls in categories ‘B’, or ‘C’ on 20th April 2023 for some of the cities/ countries listed below:

  Thursday, 20 April 2023 
City VisibilityLag time (minutes)
Makkah   F24
Rabat F35
Dakar – Senegal E31
New York C51
Washington DC   B51
San Diego, California B54
London F42
Glasgow F47

Eid ul-Adha will be on Sunday, 10th July 2022/هـ1443 insha Allah.

The Scottish Hilal Forum (SHF) has announced Eid ul Adha date for 2022 under the supervision of Ulama in line with agreed Islamic criteria and including data from Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (British Observatory).

Based on the agreed criteria:

Eid ul-Adha will be on Sunday, 10th of July 2022/1443 هـ insha Allah.

SHF, by Ulama agreeing on Islamic and Scientific criteria, has been able to announce the required dates ahead of time, allowing the community to plan ahead while keeping united.

Scottish Hilal Forum agreed that the Shara’i new month is ascertained if the following conditions are satisfied:

  1. The conjunction must have actually occurred.
  2. The moonset follows sunset.
  3. The visibility falls either in Category A or B or C for either Makkah, or any city in the UK or any city in North, North West, West, South and South West African countries.
  4. The city that is chosen in the regions/ counties mentioned above in the point 3 for the start of Hijri month must be same for the end of Hijri month.

We can safely determine Sunday,  10th of July 2022 as the 10th of Dhul-Hijjah ذو الحجة‎ 1443 هـ. According to Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (HMNAO), the visibility falls in the following categories on 29th and 30th of June 2022:

Moon Visibility on Wednesday 29th June and Thursday 30th June 2022
Wednesday, 29 June 2022  Thursday, 30 June 2022 
CityVisibilityLag time (minutes) VisibilityLag time (minutes)
MakkahF31 A79
RabatD43 A88
Cape Town – South AfricaF10 A65
Dakar – SenegalD37 A85
Accra – GhanaF31 A80
Freetown – Sierra LeoneE34 A83
LondonF56 A94
GlasgowF64 A97

First Dhul Hijja will be on Friday, 1st July 2022 and Eid al Adha will be on Sunday, 10th July 2022, insha Allah.

It should be noted that the moon will be born on 29 June 2022 but according to the British Observatory, it will be in either Category ‘D’ or ‘E’ or ‘F’ for the cities/ countries listed above, which means it will be either below the Danjon limit, not visible even with the help of a telescope or if it will be above the Danjon limit but will definitely require telescope to see the moon.

1st Ramadan 2022/1443هـ will be on Sunday, 3 April 2022 and Eid ul-Fitr 2022/1443هـ will be on Monday, 2 May 2022, insha Allah

The Scottish Hilal Forum (SHF) has announced Ramadan and Eid dates for 2022 under the supervision of Ulama in line with agreed Islamic criteria and including data from Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (British Observatory).

Based on the agreed criteria:

The first day of Ramadan 2022/1443هـ will be on Sunday, 3 April 2022

and

Eid ul-Fitr 2022/1443هـ will be on Monday, 2 May 2022, insha Allah.

The Muslim community in Scotland has faced confusion for many years regarding the starting of Ramadan and Eid. This has resulted in severe difficulties for students, employees and the self-employed who could not take time off from work or from educational institutions due to the wait for last minute confirmation of Eid day.

SHF, by Ulama agreeing on Islamic and Scientific criteria, has been able to announce the required dates ahead of time, allowing the community to plan ahead while keeping united.

Scottish Hilal Forum agreed that the Shara’i new month is ascertained if the following conditions are satisfied:

  1. The conjunction must have actually occurred.
  2. The moonset follows sunset.
  3. The visibility falls either in Category A or B or C for either Makkah, or any city in the UK or any city in North, North West, West, South and South West African countries.
  4. The city that is chosen in the regions/ counties mentioned above in the point 3 for the start of Hijri month must be same for the end of Hijri month.

Ramadan 2022/1443هـ

We can safely determine Sunday, 3 April 2022 as the first day of Ramadan 2022/1443هـ.

According to Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (HMNAO), the visibility falls in category ‘A’ for many countries on 2nd of April 2022:

Friday, 1 Apr 2022  Saturday, 2 Apr 2022 
CityVisibilityLag time (minutes) VisibilityLag time (minutes)
MakkahF17 A70
RabatF23 A83
Cape Town – South AfricaF22 A51
Dakar – SenegalF25 A75
Accra – GhanaF23 A70
Freetown – Sierra LeoneF25 A72
LondonF20 A94
GlasgowF20 A99


It should be noted that the moon will be born on 1st April 2022 but according to the British Observatory, it will be in Category ‘F’ for the cities/ countries listed above, which means it will be below the Danjon limit, not visible even with the help of a telescope.

Eid ul-Fitr 2022/1443هـ

Similarly, we can safely determine Monday, 2 May 2022 as the 1st of Shawwal 1443هـ. 

According to Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (HMNAO), the visibility falls in categories ‘B’, or ‘C’ on 1st May 2022 for most of the cities/ countries listed below:

Saturday, 30 Apr 2022  Sunday, 1 May 2022 
CityVisibilityLag time (minutes) VisibilityLag time (minutes)
Makkah   C38
Rabat B49
Cape Town – South Africa F26
Dakar – Senegal B44
Accra – Ghana   C40
Freetown – Sierra Leone B42
London C58
Glasgow D63

Eid ul-Adha will be on Tuesday, 20th July 2021/هـ1442 insha Allah.

The Scottish Hilal Forum (SHF) has announced Eid ul Adha date for 2021 under the supervision of Ulama in line with agreed Islamic criteria and including data from Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (British Observatory).

Based on the agreed criteria:

Eid ul-Adha will be on Tuesday, 20th of July 2021/هـ1442 insha Allah.

SHF, by Ulama agreeing on Islamic and Scientific criteria, has been able to announce the required dates ahead of time, allowing the community to plan ahead while keeping united.

Scottish Hilal Forum agreed that the Shara’i new month is ascertained if the following conditions are satisfied:

  1. The conjunction must have actually occurred.
  2. The moonset follows sunset.
  3. The visibility falls either in Category A or B or C for either Makkah, or any city in the UK or any city in North, North West, West, South and South West African countries.
  4. The city that is chosen in the regions/ counties mentioned above in the point 3 for the start of Hijri month must be same for the end of Hijri month.

We can safely determine Tuesday,  20th of July 2021 as the 10th of Dhul-Hijjah ذو الحجة‎ هـ1442. According to Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (HMNAO), the visibility falls in the following categories on 10th of July 2021:

Moon Visibility on Saturday 10th July 2021
Saturday, 10 July 2021   
CityVisibilityLag time (minutes) 
Makkah E34  
RabatD44 
Cape Town – South AfricaF20 
Dakar – SenegalC41 
Accra – GhanaD36 
Freetown – Sierra LeoneC39 
LondonF51 
GlasgowF55 

First Dhul Hijjah will be on Sunday, 11 July 2021 and Eid al Adha will be on Tuesday, 20 July 2021, insha Allah.

1st Ramadan 2021/1442هـ will be on Wednesday, 14 April 2021 and Eid ul-Fitr 2021/1442هـ will be on Thursday, 13 May 2021, insha Allah

The Scottish Hilal Forum (SHF) has announced Ramadan and Eid dates for 2021 under the supervision of Ulama in line with agreed Islamic criteria and including data from Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (British Observatory).

Based on the agreed criteria:

The first day of Ramadan 2021/1442هـ will be on Wednesday, 14 April 2021

and

Eid ul-Fitr 2021/1442هـ will be on Thursday, 13 May 2021, insha Allah.

The Muslim community in Scotland has faced confusion for many years regarding the starting of Ramadan and Eid. This has resulted in severe difficulties for students, employees and the self-employed who could not take time off from work or from educational institutions due to the wait for last minute confirmation of Eid day.

SHF, by Ulama agreeing on Islamic and Scientific criteria, has been able to announce the required dates ahead of time, allowing the community to plan ahead while keeping united.

Scottish Hilal Forum agreed that the Shara’i new month is ascertained if the following conditions are satisfied:

  1. The conjunction must have actually occurred.
  2. The moonset follows sunset.
  3. The visibility falls either in Category A or B or C for either Makkah, or any city in the UK or any city in North, North West, West, South and South West African countries.
  4. The city that is chosen in the regions/ counties mentioned above in the point 3 for the start of Hijri month must be same for the end of Hijri month.

Ramadan 2021/1442هـ

We can safely determine Wednesday, 14 April 2021 as the first day of Ramadan 2021/1442هـ.

According to Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (HMNAO), the visibility falls in category ‘A’ for many countries on 13th of April 2021:

Monday, 12 Apr 2021  Tuesday, 13 Apr 2021 
CityVisibilityLag time (minutes) VisibilityLag time (minutes)
MakkahF23 A72
RabatF29 A84
Cape Town – South AfricaF28 A57
Dakar – SenegalE31 A78
Accra – GhanaF29 A73
Freetown – Sierra LeoneE30 A75
LondonF26 A93
GlasgowF26 A98


It should be noted that the moon will be born on 12th April 2021 but according to the British Observatory, it will be in Category ‘F’ for the cities/ countries listed above, which means it will be below the Danjon limit, not visible even with the help of a telescope.

Eid ul-Fitr 2021/1442هـ

Similarly, we can safely determine Thursday, 13 May 2021 as the1st of Shawwal 1442هـ. 

According to Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (HMNAO), the visibility falls in categories ‘B’, or ‘C’ on 12th May 2021 for most of the cities/ countries listed below:

Tuesday, 11 May 2021  Wednesday, 12 May 2021 
CityVisibilityLag time (minutes) VisibilityLag time (minutes)
Makkah   C39
RabatF-8 C49
Cape Town – South Africa F31
Dakar – SenegalF-3 B46
Accra – Ghana   B42
Freetown – Sierra LeoneF-3 B44
LondonF-14 D54
GlasgowF-15 E57

It should be noted that the moon will be born on 11 May 2021 but according to the British Observatory, it will be in Category ‘F’ for the cities/ countries listed above, which means it will be below the Danjon limit, not visible even with the help of a telescope.

Eid ul-Adha will be on Friday, 31st July 2020/هـ1441 insha Allah.

The Scottish Hilal Forum (SHF) has announced Eid ul Adha date for 2020 under the supervision of Ulama in line with agreed Islamic criteria and including data from Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (British Observatory).

Based on the agreed criteria:

Eid ul-Adha will be on Friday, 31st July 2020/هـ1441 insha Allah.

Moon Visibility on 20th and 21st July 2020

Dhul Hijja 2020  ذو الحجة 1441هـ

Monday, 20 July 2020  Tuesday, 21 July 2020 
CityVisibilityLag time (minutes) VisibilityLag time (minutes)
Makkah   A52
RabatF10 A58
Cape Town – South Africa B49
Dakar – SenegalF6 A60
Accra – GhanaF1 A57
Freetown – Sierra LeoneF4 A59
LondonF17 C56
GlasgowF20 C55

 It should be noted that the moon will be born on 20th July 2020 but according to the British Observatory, it will be in Category ‘F’ for the cities/ countries listed above, which means it will be below the Danjon limit, not visible even with the help of a telescope.

Eid ul-Adha will be on Wednesday, 22nd of August 2018/هـ1439 insha Allah.

The Scottish Hilal Forum (SHF) has announced Eid ul Adha date for 2018 under the supervision of Ulama in line with agreed Islamic criteria and including data from Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (British Observatory).

Based on the agreed criteria:

Eid ul-Adha will be on Wednesday, 22nd of August 2018/هـ1439 insha Allah.

SHF, by Ulama agreeing on Islamic and Scientific criteria, has been able to announce the required dates ahead of time, allowing the community to plan ahead while keeping united.

Scottish Hilal Forum agreed that the Shara’i new month is ascertained if the following conditions are satisfied:

  1. The conjunction must have actually occurred.
  2. The moonset follows sunset.
  3. The visibility falls either in Category A or B or C for either Makkah, or any city in the UK or any city in North, North West, West, South and South West African countries.
  4. The city that is chosen in the regions/ counties mentioned above in the point 3 for the start of Hijri month must be same for the end of Hijri month.

We can safely determine Wednesday, 22nd  of August 2018 as the 10th of Dhul-Hijjah ذو الحجة‎ هـ1439According to Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (HMNAO), the visibility falls in the following categories on 12th August 2018:

City                                                                  Visibility         Lag time (minutes)

Makkah                                                                 A                      63

Rabat                                                                     A                      64

Cape Town – South Africa                          A                      81

Dakar – Senegal                                               A                      73

Accra – Ghana                                                   A                      74

Freetown – Sierra Leone                              A                      75

London                                                                   B                      51

Glasgow                                                                 B                      46

It should be noted that the moon will be born on 11th August 2018 but according to the British Observatory, it will be in Category F for the cities/ countries listed above, which means it will be below the Danjon limit, not visible even with the help of a telescope.

Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (HMNAO) has categorised the visibility of the moon as follows:

A. Easily visible
B. Visible under perfect conditions
C. May need optical aid to find the crescent Moon
D. Will need optical aid to find the crescent Moon
E. Not visible with a telescope
F. Not visible, below the Danjon limit

The following mosques and centres are agreed with the Scottish Hilal Forum’s criteria:

  1. Minhaj ul Qur’an International – Glasgow
  2. Al-Furqan Mosque – UKIM – Glasgow
  3. Jamia Islamia – Tantallon Road – Glasgow
  4. Zia-ul-Qur’an – Glasgow
  5. Hamilton Islamic Centre – Hamilton
  6. Airdrie Islamic Centre – Airdrie
  7. Coatbridge Islamic Centre – Coatbridge
  8. Muslim Association of Britain (MAB) – Glasgow
  9. Masjid-e-Bilal, Dundee
  10. Somali Muslim Community (SMC) – Glasgow
  11. Salahuddin Mosque and Islamic Centre – Glasgow
  12. Govanhill Neighbourhood Centre
  13. The Leaf Network, UK

Statement on Start of Ramadan and Eid Dates

The Muslim community in Scotland has faced confusion for a number of years with regard to determining the start of Ramadan and Eid dates. This resulted in severe difficulties for students, employees in the public and private sector and even the self-employed.

Most Muslims falling in one or the other of these categories have not been able to take a day off from work or from their educational institutions to celebrate Eid due to receiving last minute confirmation as to the date of the Eid day. Even the self-employed, such as shopkeepers could not inform their suppliers and customers in advance as to which day they would be closed due to last minute decision on Eid dates. As a result many in the community suffer anxiety and uncertainty due to the supposed unpredictability of important religious festivals such as Eid.

This situation arises because sighting of the new moon is mostly not possible in Scotland due to the weather conditions and Scotland’s northern location on the globe. Traditionally, groups of Islamic Scholars, Imams and mosque committees often have to wait until the last minute of the last night of the Islamic month to receive sighting reports from Middle Eastern and African countries before they could announce the first day of Ramadan and Eid. The disagreements among decision makers to follow the moon sighting report from either one or the other country often led the Muslims residing even next door to each other in Scotland, to start their Ramadan and celebrate their Eid on different days. The decision makers did not take advantage of the most advanced scientific knowledge and astronomical calculations available to them, either due to their own lack of understanding, or due to mistrust of the available scientific data.

The scholars of Islamic Law (Shari’ah) have been striving, during recent years, to find a solution to these issues in the light of Islamic principles and additionally benefiting from astronomical calculations. All this in order to reach a consensus for determining the dates for the start and end of Ramadan and thereby creating unity on these dates among Muslims living in this part of the world, as a solution to our problem of reliable determination of the dates of Ramadan start and Eid.

The Scottish Hilal Forum (SHF) is pleased to announce the following conclusion under the supervision of Ulama from various backgrounds. They will use Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office (British Observatory) calculations leading to six levels of visibility of moon as follows:
A. Easily visible
B. Visible under perfect conditions
C. May need optical aid to find the crescent Moon
D. Will need optical aid to find the crescent Moon
E. Not visible with a telescope
F. Not visible, below the Danjon limit

By using this grading as per the observatory, the following criteria were agreed:

1) The conjunction must have occurred
2) The moonset follows sunset
3) The visibility of the moon falls either in Category A or B or C for either Makkah, or any city in the UK or any city in North West, West, South and South West African countries.
4) The city that is chosen in the regions/ counties mentioned above in the point 3 for the start of Ramadan must be same for the end of Ramadan.

On the basis of this agreed criteria: Insha Allah

The first day of Ramadan 2017/1438 AH will be on Saturday 27th of May.
The Eid Al’fitr will be on Sunday the 25th of June 2017/1438AH.

NOTE: The SHF has already presented these criteria to various mosques and Madrassas. However, the SHF is willing to make detailed presentation on these criteria anywhere throughout Scotland via Skype or other available methods. We pray to Allah almighty for the unity and facility of the Muslim community in Scotland, Ameen.